Who invented Zero ?

"ZERO"

The word  zero is attributed to many ancient cultures and is most likely a corrupt version of the Arabic spelling safira which meant it was empty. Coming down from the French cipher and zero, it finally became the word zero. The invention of zero as a number and not just for place position is generally attributed to the ancient Indians. By the 9^th century AD, mathematics calculations that included both division and multiplication used the number zero.  Pingala, who was an Indian scholar, also used zero for binary numbers, which was quite similar to Morse code.

The rules for using zero are now credited with Brahmagupta who was also an ancient Indian Scholar. The book treatise that he wrote known as “Brahmaputra Sidhantha” which translates to ‘The opening of the Universe. This treatise was written in 628AD. Along with rules for zero, the great scholar and mathematician had also laid down rules for negative numbers and algebra.

By the 6^th Century, zero was being used as a means to signify a position. The earliest mention of this arrangement has been discovered in the texts ‘Lokavibhaga’ which dates back to the 5^th century. By the 11^th century, the concept of using zero in the decimal system which used the base 10 finally reached the shores of Europe. This was brought to the European continent by Spanish Muslims, known as the Moors who also bought their knowledge of astronomy and this is the reason, that they are referred as the Arabic numerals. Fibonacci was really instrumental in using the system in Europe and using it for common mathematic problem solving.

Zero now plays a significant role in computing and also other streams of sciences where it can have special significance.

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Who discovered Magnets ?

What is a Magnet?

A magnet is an object that produces a magnetic field. It attracts certain other objects to it, and repels other magnets Because magnets have been known to man for so long, it is inevitable that legends have formed regarding its discovery. The word “magnet” is from a Greek term meaning “Magnesian rock.”

Legends of the Discovery of Magnets..

One story tells how a shepherd named Magnes discovered magnet about 2,000 BC. He was guiding his sheep along the pastures of Magnesia in northern Greece. Now Magnes was carrying a shepherd’s rod with a metal tip, and his shoes had nails in them. He stepped on a big black rock and next thing he knew, both his rod and shoes got stuck on the rock by their metallic parts. Perplexed, the shepherd got out of his shoes and dug up the ground. He found loadstones underneath. Loadstones are naturally magnetic due to a substanc3e known as FE304. The Greeks later renamed the stone magnesia after its founder or the area where it was discovered.

Historical Discovery of Magnet

Even dismissing such stories, it’s still likely the Greeks were among the first to know about magnets. The classical writers Pliny and Lucretius mentioned them. Because of their ability to attract other objects, magnets were thought to be magical. The Greeks and Romans used them to cure diseases, drive away bad spirits and more.

Some even though they could destroy iron-cast ships. Whenever a ship vanished at sea, the Greeks believed it got sucked in by a mountain of iron. In wartime, they used loadstones to try to sink or disarm enemy vessels.

An important discovery about magnets was their ability to orient themselves. If formed like a needle and placed on water, the magnet would consistently face in a north-south axis. This is said to be the origin of the name “loadstone” = “stone that leads.” Realizing the importance of this discovery, the Chinese invented a marine compass some 4,000 years ago.

Modern Discoveries

In modern times, scientists focused on demystifying magnets. Peter Pregrinus made it the subject of his papers in 1269. In 1600 William Gilbert made a major breakthrough when he discovered that Earth itself is one huge magnet. He made other discoveries such as how to make artificial magnets from wrought iron, and how heat can take away artificial magnetism. Later in the 19th century, Hans Christien Oersted and Clerk Maxwell made a connection between electricity and magnets. When a compass is placed near an electric current, the magnetic needle repositions itself. If the compass is moved around the current, the needle adjusts itself accordingly, as if “obeying” the current.

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